{"id":2836,"date":"2011-04-19T22:20:02","date_gmt":"2011-04-20T04:20:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/?p=2836"},"modified":"2016-11-25T08:11:20","modified_gmt":"2016-11-25T14:11:20","slug":"a-robins-many-songs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/archives\/2836","title":{"rendered":"A Robin&#8217;s Many Songs"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Anyone who listens thoughtfully to robins can&#8217;t help but bubble with questions about why robins are the way they are.<br \/>\n&#8211;Donald Kroodsma, <em>The Singing Life of Birds<\/em>, p. 37<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2837\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2837\" style=\"width: 279px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lenblumin\/4470472888\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2837\" title=\"AMROphoto\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROphoto-279x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROphoto-279x300.jpg 279w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROphoto.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">American Robin along the Platte River, Nebraska, 3\/22\/2010.  Photo by Len Blumin (Creative Commons 2.0).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The American Robin may be the most familiar bird in North America, but for all its abundance and approachability, it remains in some ways inscrutable.\u00a0 Back in 1979, in his classic <em>Stokes Guide to Bird Behavior<\/em>, Donald Stokes wrote that robin courtship displays remained a mystery, and might not exist at all.\u00a0 The song he called an &#8220;enigma,&#8221; pointing out that it did not appear to correlate with courtship or territoriality, instead peaking right before the young hatch in any given brood.<\/p>\n<p>Some studies in the 1990s provided evidence that robin song is indeed correlated with courtship and territoriality, but they did not make any attempt to describe the song comprehensively.\u00a0 That task fell to Donald Kroodsma in his popular 2005 book <em>The Singing Life of Birds<\/em>.\u00a0 Each male robin, Kroodsma explained, has in his repertoire 6-20 simple, whistled &#8220;caroling&#8221; phrases and 75-100 high-pitched, complex &#8220;hisselly&#8221; phrases.\u00a0 The familiar daytime song is often made up purely of caroling phrases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>carol carol carol&#8230; carol carol carol carol<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But at dawn, the male robin often throws a <em>hisselly <\/em>phrase in at the end of each strophe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>carol carol carol <em>hisselly<\/em>&#8230; carol carol carol carol <em>hisselly<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition, some robins occasionally give long strings of <em>hissellys <\/em>without any caroling phrases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>hisselly hisselly hisselly hisselly hisselly hisselly<\/em>&#8230;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kroodsma documents all this and more; and yet, after fifteen pages of descriptions, explanations, and explorations, he still finishes with more questions than answers:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Why have two types of phrases, the caroled and the <em>hisselly <\/em>phrases?\u00a0 Why have a dozen or two of the caroled phrases and a hundred or so of the <em>hisselly <\/em>phrases?\u00a0 Do other robins count how many a male sings, and if so, is having more songs better in any way?\u00a0 Why are the <em>hissellys <\/em>used mainly at dawn and dusk?\u00a0 Why at dawn are three or four caroled notes followed by a single <em>hisselly<\/em>, and what could it possibly mean to sing 71 <em>hissellys <\/em>in a row?&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The average American probably hears more song from robins than from any other bird, and yet we still cannot answer any of Kroodsma&#8217;s questions.\u00a0 Perhaps it is because we do not listen as carefully as we could; and perhaps it is also because what we call &#8220;song&#8221; in robins is even more complex than Kroodsma&#8217;s work has already shown.\u00a0 Today&#8217;s post will push the exploration of robin song a little further, in hopes of facilitating the kind of listening (and recording) that could begin to solve the many mysteries surrounding America&#8217;s favorite bird.<\/p>\n<h4>Caroling phrases<\/h4>\n<p>First, here&#8217;s an example of the &#8220;caroling phrases,&#8221; the familiar short, clear, 1-3 syllabled phrases that we often hear during the day:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2872\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2872\" style=\"width: 542px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2872\" title=\"AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"542\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.jpg 542w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008-300x105.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2872\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">American Robin caroling song, Boulder, CO, 4\/24\/2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2836-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.mp3\">http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROs-Powderhorn-4-24-2008.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<h4><em>Hisselly <\/em>phrases<\/h4>\n<p>Kroodsma described the <em>hisselly <\/em>as &#8220;an ethereal whispered note much like the delicate flourish at the end of a Hermit Thrush song&#8221;.\u00a0 The <em>hissellys <\/em>shown below<em>, <\/em>all from the same individual male robin,<em> <\/em>have been edited together for comparison.\u00a0 Note that they are much higher-pitched and more complex than the caroled phrases, with a great deal more polyphony:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2873\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2873\" style=\"width: 989px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2873\" title=\"AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"989\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.jpg 989w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22-300x65.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2873\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ten &quot;hisselly&quot; phrases from one American Robin, edited together.  Boulder, CO, 5\/26\/2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2836-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.mp3\">http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO10hisselys-NDP2008-23-22.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<h4>Whinnies<\/h4>\n<p>The &#8220;whinny&#8221; is a familiar call of the robin, often given when the birds are alarmed:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2874\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2874\" style=\"width: 294px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2874\" title=\"AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"190\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2874\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typical American Robin whinny call, Larimer County, CO, 6\/19\/2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2836-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08.mp3\">http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROwhinny-NDP2008-25-08.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>But it&#8217;s not just a call.\u00a0 At least at certain times, the whinny (or something much like it) becomes an important component of the robin&#8217;s song &#8212; and each individual male robin knows an awful lot of different whinnies.\u00a0 Here are six that one male robin incorporated into his song within a two-minute span:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2875\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2875\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2875\" title=\"AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1010\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.jpg 1010w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22-300x62.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1010px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Six different whinnies from the song of a single male American Robin, edited together. Boulder, CO, 5\/26\/2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2836-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.mp3\">http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMRO6whinnies-NDP2008-23-22.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>Note the complex and stereotyped fine structure above.\u00a0 These are no mere alarm calls; they are song elements, no doubt about it.<\/p>\n<h4>Putting it all together<\/h4>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a confusing recording of a robin singing with carols, <em>hisselys<\/em>, and whinnies all mixed together &#8212; in fact, he is the sole source of all the <em>hissellys <\/em>and whinnies on the edited tracks above.\u00a0 I recorded him in late May in Boulder, Colorado, and though there were many other robins in the immediate vicinity, none were interacting with this bird that I could see; he was perched up in a tree just belting out his song.\u00a0 What in the world can he possibly be saying?<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2885\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2885\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2885\" title=\"AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1034\" height=\"208\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.jpg 1034w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22-300x60.jpg 300w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22-1024x205.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1034px) 100vw, 1034px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2885\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">American Robin song, Boulder, CO, 5\/26\/2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2836-5\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.mp3?_=5\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.mp3\">http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/AMROsConTodo-NDP2008-23-22.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>The beginning of this bird&#8217;s song, illustrated on the spectrogram above, follows a pattern like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>hisselly <\/em>(or 2-noted whinny?) carol <em>hisselly hisselly hisselly<\/em> whinny <em>hisselly <\/em>whinny <em>hisselly <\/em>whinny <em>hisselly<\/em>&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I do not know what is going on with this bird, but its song suggests that anyone seeking to understand robin song should think of the whinnies as a type of song phrase on par with the carols and <em>hissellys<\/em>.\u00a0 At the same time, it reinforces what you&#8217;ve probably already realized: anybody seeking to understand robin song has a lot of work to do.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The American Robin may be the most familiar bird in North America, but for all its abundance and approachability, it remains in some ways inscrutable.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[203,204],"class_list":["post-2836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-behavior","tag-american-robin","tag-turdus-migratorius"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2836"}],"version-history":[{"count":49,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2836\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5049,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2836\/revisions\/5049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}