{"id":3236,"date":"2011-09-18T13:33:53","date_gmt":"2011-09-18T19:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/?p=3236"},"modified":"2011-09-19T10:54:24","modified_gmt":"2011-09-19T16:54:24","slug":"the-next-junco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/archives\/3236","title":{"rendered":"The Next Junco"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3271\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3271\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3271  \" title=\"BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo1-250x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo1-250x300.jpg 250w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo1-853x1024.jpg 853w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/BairdsJunco_DaveKrueper_photo1.jpg 1524w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3271\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baird&#39;s Junco, Baja California Sur, April 2006. Photo copyright Dave Krueper. Click to enlarge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Over the entrance to that &#8220;intellectual space&#8221; in which researchers debate taxonomic limits in the genus <em>Junco<\/em>, there stands a gate bearing an inscription in fourteenth-century Tuscan:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LASCIATE OGNI SPERANZA VOI CH&#8217;INTRATE<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Just as Virgil guided Dante through the <em>Inferno<\/em>, I wish that I could offer you safe passage through the many circles of biological complexity centered on the single hellish question of how many junco species there really are.\u00a0 But there&#8217;s no such thing as safe passage.\u00a0 There&#8217;s no getting around it: the juncos are devilishly complicated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Most birders in North America focus on telling the different junco forms apart by sight, which is appropriate, since most North American juncos sing a single high-pitched musical trill that is pretty much the same whether it comes from a Slate-colored, a Pink-sided, an Oregon, or a Gray-headed Junco:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=35301&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=79618&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=22066&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=20829&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A few of the Dark-eyed Juncos in all of these populations will occasionally sing a slightly more complicated two-parted trill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=14482&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>And some of the Gray-headed Juncos in the southern Rocky Mountains will sometimes end with a slight flourish of 1-2 different notes:<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=13879&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As one moves farther south in the mountains, the junco songs become gradually more complicated.\u00a0 The &#8220;Red-backed&#8221; Juncos of northern Arizona sing significantly slower and more frequently two-parted songs than the Gray-headed Juncos they closely resemble:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=76620&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=76622&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">By the time you reach southern Arizona, the juncos&#8217; eyes have turned yellow, virtually all of their songs have become 2- or 3-parted, the trills have slowed, and terminal flourishes have become common:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=34555&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=14247&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=34552&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=34554&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Farther south, in central Mexico, the songs get even more complex, with fewer repeated notes, but they don&#8217;t last quite as long:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=80742&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td><div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=14074&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The southward trend towards brevity and complexity continues all the way down to the isolated, fireproof Volcano Junco of Costa Rica and Panama:<br \/>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=71680&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<h4>&#8220;Baird&#8217;s&#8221; Junco, an outlier<\/h4>\n<p>At least one isolated <em>Junco <\/em>population doesn&#8217;t really fit the pattern we&#8217;ve just described.\u00a0 At the southern tip of Baja California, high up in the Laguna mountains, one finds birds named after <a title=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird\" target=\"_blank\">Spencer Baird<\/a> that closely resemble the Yellow-eyed Juncos of adjacent mainland Mexico, except slightly paler, with a light brown back and soft pinkish flanks.\u00a0 Oh, and they happen to sing an extremely complex song:<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=21279&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>Anyone who has ventured into the Sierra La Laguna knows that the endemic Baird&#8217;s Junco, currently considered a subspecies of the Yellow-eyed Junco by the AOU, doesn&#8217;t sound a bit like most other members of its genus.\u00a0 When we first heard it on the WFO\/SJV expedition in 2008, some in our group looked around for a <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=34436\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=34436\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Passerina<\/em> bunting<\/a>; I thought I might be hearing a <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=33224\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=33224\" target=\"_blank\">Rufous-crowned Sparrow<\/a>.\u00a0 Howell and Webb (1995) say the song suggests a <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=59603\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/recording.php?XC=59603\" target=\"_blank\">small <em>Troglodytes <\/em>wren<\/a>, and split the species from Yellow-eyed in large part on that basis.<\/p>\n<p>I recorded enough Baird&#8217;s Junco song in Baja California in 2008 for a formal analysis, but I didn&#8217;t have the statistical skills to pull it off by myself, so I collaborated with <a title=\"http:\/\/www.clintonfrancis.com\/Site\/Welcome.html\" href=\"http:\/\/www.clintonfrancis.com\/Site\/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Clint Francis<\/a>, who was then a graduate student in Alex Cruz&#8217;s lab here at the University of Colorado in Boulder, to try to figure out whether Baird&#8217;s song was really as different from the songs of mainland juncos as it seemed to the human ear.\u00a0 We wanted to know whether the more complex junco songs from central and southern Mexico might show an intermediate syntax linking the very different-sounding Baja and Arizona populations.<\/p>\n<p>Our results, <a title=\"http:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1676\/10-126.1\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1676\/10-126.1\" target=\"_blank\">published this month<\/a> in the Wilson Journal of Ornithology (subscription required), show that Baird&#8217;s sings quite differently than mainland juncos.\u00a0 Figure 1 from our paper illustrates this quite nicely:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3255\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3255\" style=\"width: 717px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/PieplowFrancis2011_Fig1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3255 \" title=\"Pieplow&amp;Francis2011_Fig1\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/PieplowFrancis2011_Fig1-1024x486.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"717\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/PieplowFrancis2011_Fig1-1024x486.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/PieplowFrancis2011_Fig1-300x142.jpg 300w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/PieplowFrancis2011_Fig1.jpg 1189w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3255\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 from Pieplow &amp; Francis (2011), showing Yellow-eyed Junco songs from Arizona (A\u2013C), Oaxaca, Mexico (D\u2013F), and Baja California Sur, Mexico (G\u2013I). Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Baird&#8217;s Juncos virtually never repeat a note or phrase, and they use far more unique notes and phrases than either Oaxaca or Arizona birds.\u00a0 In these features, the values for Baird&#8217;s didn&#8217;t even overlap with the values for mainland birds.\u00a0 A discriminant function analysis of 12 features easily distinguished Baird&#8217;s from mainland birds, but did not easily distinguish between Oaxaca and Arizona songs.<\/p>\n<p>What does this mean?\u00a0 On the whole, it means that human ears don&#8217;t lie: Baird&#8217;s Juncos really do sing a highly differentiated song.\u00a0 It is quite possible that this song would reproductively isolate them\u00a0 in the unlikely event that they came into contact with mainland populations, meaning that Baird&#8217;s Junco may deserve full species status.\u00a0 We stopped short of recommending a split in our paper until playback experiments and\/or genetic analyses can be done.\u00a0 However, a few years from now, Baird&#8217;s Junco (<em>Junco bairdi<\/em>) might just take its place on the AOU checklist as the next new North American <em>Junco <\/em>species.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A paper that I wrote with Clint Francis, published this month in the Wilson Journal of Ornithology, shows that one isolated population of Yellow-eyed Juncos sings quite differently from its relatives in mainland Mexico.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[225,221,226,222,224,228,227,223],"class_list":["post-3236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-taxonomy","tag-bairds-junco","tag-dark-eyed-junco","tag-junco-bairdi","tag-junco-hyemalis","tag-junco-phaeonotus","tag-junco-vulcani","tag-volcano-junco","tag-yellow-eyed-junco"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3236"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3269,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3236\/revisions\/3269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}