{"id":4193,"date":"2013-01-31T22:29:38","date_gmt":"2013-02-01T04:29:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/?p=4193"},"modified":"2013-01-31T22:29:38","modified_gmt":"2013-02-01T04:29:38","slug":"whats-weird-about-rusty-blackbirds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/archives\/4193","title":{"rendered":"What&#8217;s Weird About Rusty Blackbirds"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_4194\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4194\" style=\"width: 253px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lgooch\/6235170595\/in\/photostream\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4194 \" title=\"RUBL_photo\" src=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/RUBL_photo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/RUBL_photo.jpg 253w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/RUBL_photo-237x300.jpg 237w, http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/RUBL_photo-118x150.jpg 118w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 253px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4194\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rusty Blackbird, Cleveland, Ohio, 10\/9\/2011. Photo by Laura Gooch (CC-by-nc-sa).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The voice of Rusty Blackbird isn&#8217;t particularly well known.\u00a0 Perhaps because the species is uncommon and its breeding grounds rather remote, it&#8217;s never been the subject of a formal bioacoustic study.\u00a0 But Rusty Blackbirds sing quite a bit &#8212; both males and females sing, in fact.\u00a0 They sing on the breeding grounds, on migration in fall and spring, and pretty much all winter long.\u00a0 The winter flocks I encountered in the swamps of Arkansas could be heard for half a mile.<\/p>\n<p>Several authors have described Rusty Blackbirds as having two types of songs &#8212; one more creaking, one more gurgling &#8212; and this would make sense given that the closely related Brewer&#8217;s Blackbird has also been reported to have two different songs of more or less the same types.\u00a0 As I went through online recordings of Rusty Blackbirds, however, I came to the conclusion that I was hearing three different types of songs from the species, not two.\u00a0 Or is that two types of song and a very song-like call?<\/p>\n<h4>Three things Rusty Blackbirds say<\/h4>\n<p>The <strong>gurgle-creak<\/strong> seems like a good candidate for a typical &#8220;song.&#8221;\u00a0 It starts with a complex jumble of rapid notes and ends with a high monotone whistle with a metallic quality, like the creak of a rusty hinge:<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=79525&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>Another song-like sound is the <strong>gurgle<\/strong>.\u00a0 It&#8217;s like the first part of the gurgle-creak, but at least twice as long.<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=5784&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>Then there&#8217;s the <strong>creak<\/strong>.\u00a0 It&#8217;s like the gurgle-creak, but starts with only 1-2 quick notes, usually including a noisy &#8220;chuck&#8221; note much like the species&#8217; contact call.\u00a0 On the spectrogram below, two creaks follow a gurgle-creak:<\/p>\n<div class=\"iframe-wrapper\">\n  <iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/embed.php?XC=79524&#038;simple=0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"height:220px;width:400px;\">Please upgrade your browser<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>It&#8217;s fairly clear that these three song-like sounds are associated with different behaviors.\u00a0 The gurgle-creaks seem typical of songs &#8212; they&#8217;re practiced throughout the winter, getting gradually more stereotyped; they&#8217;re heard from spring migrants, who seem to have mastered them by the time they head north; and they&#8217;re delivered in long bouts on the breeding grounds, where they apparently function in territorial defense and mate attraction.<\/p>\n<p>The gurgles, unlike the gurgle-creaks, are rarely heard on the breeding grounds.\u00a0 Instead, they mostly seem to be given by birds immediately prior to or during spring migration.\u00a0 The <a title=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/137821\" href=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/137821\" target=\"_blank\">only recording<\/a> I know of from the breeding grounds is from early in the season &#8212; 4 June in northwest Alaska.\u00a0 Perhaps they function primarily in pair establishment, and are used for just a few days after arrival on breeding territories.<\/p>\n<p>Then there are the creaks, which seem to occupy an odd territory in between traditional &#8220;calls&#8221; and &#8220;songs.&#8221;\u00a0 Like traditional &#8220;songs,&#8221; they appear to be learned rather than innate &#8212; birds spend the winter practicing them, and the finished springtime performances vary greatly from one male to the next.\u00a0 Furthermore, they&#8217;re often deployed along with the gurgle-creaks by territorial birds on the breeding grounds, <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/79524\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/79524\" target=\"_blank\">in response to playback<\/a> of a rival&#8217;s song.\u00a0 That pretty well matches the classic definition of &#8220;song.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>But when else do we hear creaks?\u00a0 When Rusty Blackbirds <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/65829\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/65829\" target=\"_blank\">mob Common Ravens<\/a>.\u00a0 And <a title=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/137819\" href=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/137819\" target=\"_blank\">in response to a tape of Northern Goshawk<\/a>.\u00a0 And when<a title=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/57525\" href=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/audio\/57525\" target=\"_blank\"> a human threatens a nest<\/a>.\u00a0 Most birds do not give songs, or anything like a song, in these situations.\u00a0 Instead we&#8217;d expect to hear alarm calls &#8212; typically harsh, noisy, simple sounds that carry far and don&#8217;t change from one bird to the next.\u00a0 Rusty Blackbirds have such calls &#8212; <a title=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/55050\" href=\"http:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/55050\" target=\"_blank\">sharp chucks, long churrs, rattling chatters<\/a>, and the like.\u00a0 As one would expect, they readily chuck and churr and chatter at ravens and goshawks and people, but they <em>also<\/em> give song-like creaks.\u00a0 What&#8217;s up with that?<\/p>\n<p>Longtime readers of this blog will know that I don&#8217;t put much stock in the traditional &#8220;song\/call&#8221; distinction, and here&#8217;s one more example of why not &#8212; a peculiar sound that straddles the traditional boundary in both form and function.\u00a0 Rusty Blackbird has attracted a fair amount of research attention in recent years due to evidence that its populations may be in steep decline.\u00a0 But I&#8217;m unaware that anyone has attempted to investigate its vocal communication.\u00a0 Here&#8217;s hoping someone will take it on &#8212; I think this bird deserves it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Several authors have described Rusty Blackbirds as having two types of songs. However, I came to the conclusion that I was hearing three different types of songs from the species, not two.  Or is that two types of song and a very song-like call?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-behavior"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4193"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4222,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4193\/revisions\/4222"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/earbirding.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}